The Benin Empire

The pre-colonial Benin Kingdom or Empire was located in what is today southern Nigeria. (It is entirely separate from the Republic of Benin, which was then known as Dahomey.) Benin arose as a city-state in the late 1100s or 1200s and expanded into a larger kingdom or empire in the mid-1400s.  Most of the people within the Benin Empire were Edo, and they were ruled over by a monarch, who held the title of Oba (roughly equivalent to king).   By the late 1400s, the capital of Benin, Benin City, was already a large and highly regulated city. Europeans who visited were always impressed by its splendor and compared it to the major European cities at the time. The city was laid out on a clear plan, the buildings were reportedly all well-kept, and the city included a massive palace compound decorated with thousands of intricate metal, ivory, and wood plaques (known as the Benin Bronzes), most of which were made between the 1400s and 1600s, after which the craft declined. In the mid-1600s, the power of the Obas also waned, as administrators and officials took more control over the government. The Transatlantic Slave Trade Benin was one of many African countries to sell slaves to European slave traders, but like all strong states, the Benin people did so on their own terms. In fact, Benin refused to sell slaves for many years. Benin representatives sold some prisoners of war to the Portuguese in the late 1400s, during the time when Benin was expanding into an empire and fighting several battles. By the 1500s, however, they had stopped expanding and refused to sell more slaves until the 1700s. Instead, they traded other goods, including pepper, ivory, and palm oil for the brass and firearms they wanted from Europeans. The slave trade only began to pick up after 1750, when Benin was in a period of decline. The Conquest of 1897 During the European Scramble for Africa in the late 1800s, Britain wanted to extend its control northwards over what became Nigeria, but Benin repeatedly rejected their diplomatic advances. In 1892, however, a British representative named H. L. Gallwey visited Benin and reportedly convinced the Oba to sign a treaty that essentially granted Britain sovereignty over Benin. Benin officials challenged the treaty and refused to follow its provisions in regard to trade. When a British party of officers and porters set out in 1897 to visit Benin City to enforce the treaty, Benin attacked the convoy killing almost everyone. Britain immediately prepared a punitive military expedition to punish Benin for the attack and to send a message to other kingdoms that might resist. The British forces quickly defeated the Benin army and then razed Benin City, looting the magnificent artwork in the process. Tales of Savagery In the build-up and aftermath of conquest, popular and scholarly accounts of Benin stressed the savagery of the kingdom, as that was one of the justifications for conquest. In referring to the Benin Bronzes, museums today still tend to describe the metal as being purchased with slaves, but most of the bronzes were created prior to the 1700s when Benin began to participate in the trade. Benin Today Benin continues to exist today as a Kingdom within Nigeria. It might best be understood as a social organization within Nigeria. All subjects of Benin are citizens of Nigeria and live under Nigerian law and administration. The current Oba, Erediauwa, is considered an African monarch, however, and he serves as an advocate of the Edo or Benin people. Oba Erediauwa is a graduate of Cambridge University in Britain, and prior to his coronation worked in the Nigeria civil service for many years and spent a few years working for a private firm. As the Oba, he is a figure of respect and authority and has served as a mediator in several political disputes.   Sources: Coombes, Annie, Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture, and Popular Imagination. (Yale University Press, 1994). Girshick, Paula Ben-Amos  and John Thornton, Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change? The Journal of African History 42.3 (2001), 353-376. Oba of Benin, Kingdoms of Nigeria web page.

The Life of Fidel Castro Essay - 760 Words

Fidel Castro Throughout history, when you look back, you find many countries that fall under a control that turns things in an opposite direction of where they were pointed. In Cuba, this was under Prime Minister, Fidel Castro. Born on August 13, 1926 in the wedlock at his father’s farm, Castro would live here until age 8 when he would go live with his teacher. He was not well behaved, and would find himself traveling in out of different schools. He did not excel academically and found his place in sports instead. Although not extremely disciplined to work, he attended The University of Havana, studying law. He joined student activist groups, this school though was known for their violent gang like culture. He was strongly against†¦show more content†¦This lead to a mess and they did not get the results in their favor. Castro was sent to prison with many others and many were executed. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but something was bound to change, this was not the end. When the presidential elections came up, Batista said Castro was no threat and released him out of prison. In 1955, bombings and violence broke out, and Fidel and his brother, Raul left Cuba to escape the chance of being arrested. After many battles he faced, he was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Cuba on February 16, 1959. Castro’s government was focused on making Cuba’s standards of living better. He focused on education, and opened many new education systems. His â€Å"force† or regime remained popular with the lower class, while the upper and middle class did not like him and emigrated to Florida. Conservative press showed disapproval towards his government, Castro started arresting people who would show any signs of retaliation. While relations with United States and Cuba were dwindling, Castro and Khrushchev, the Russian Leader at the time were growing a tighter bond. Many event’s occurred during Castros leadership position including the Bay of Pigs Invasion. This was when the United States was trying to rise up and overthrow Castro. The CIAs made it seem like a great idea to Kennedy, president at the time, and it lead to Cuba losing many men, and also led to the Cuban MissileShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Fidel Castro631 Words   |  3 Pages Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, born in Birà ¡n, Cuba on August 13, 1926, changed his country ever since he came to power. Castro’s father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was a wealthy plantation owner and was an immigrant from Galicia, Spain. His mother, Lina Ruz Gonzà ¡lez, was à ngel’s mistress and house servant while à ngel was still married to Maria Luisa Argota. Castro was educated in many Jesuit boarding schools, from grade school to middle s chool, in which he was a mediocre student and was not well behavedRead MoreEssay on Life of Fidel Castro834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Life of Fidel Castro Fidel Castro, is the well-known dictatorial leader of Cuba for nearly five decades. 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Samsung Free Essays

Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. and its subsidiaries Stevenson Saby Lesly Castillo American Intercontinental University September 7, 2012 Nicole Pringle Abstract The for-profit organization of interest we selected is Samsung electronics co. We will write a custom essay sample on Samsung or any similar topic only for you Order Now , ltd. and its subsidiaries. We researched the unusual or conflicting accounting principle that has impacted Samsung electronics co, Included in this research we present, a review and analyze the organizations published accounting statements of the last two years. Specifically, our research paper will: Identify the core functions of each department, their strengths and weaknesses, and make recommendations for improvement, as appropriate. This paper Identifies and describe the underlying problems, Compares the alternative courses of action, Explain the effects at issues, Recommend options that would be consistent with the organization’s accounting practices, accounting processes, and accounting-related departments. Last includes the last two years of published accounting statements From its inception as a small export business in Taegu, Korea, Samsung has grown to become one of the world’s leading electronics companies, specializing in digital appliances and media, semiconductors, memory, and system integration. Today Samsung’s innovative and top quality products and processes are world recognized. This timeline captures the major milestones in Samsung’s history, showing how the company expanded its product lines and reach, grew its revenue and market share, and has followed its mission of making life better for consumers around the world. SAMSUNG All rights reserved) To identify the core functions of each department, Samsung organization structure consist of Vice Chairman, US executive team and a Board of directors. http://visiblebusiness. blogspot. com/2009/11/samsung-samsung-ar-2008. html Samsung has recently been involved one of the largest patent laws of its kind, Apple Inc. has sued Samsung for $2. 525 billion for copyright infringeme nt of the iPhone and iPad with Samsung’s Android technology smart phones. Apple claims, Samsung owes â€Å"substantial monetary damages† for when they illegally â€Å"chose to compete by copying Apple. † You might hear some comments like â€Å"Apple is better â€Å"or what’s so good about Samsung. First let’s identify, Samsung throughout the years has been very successful in providing consumers with innovative technology. Samsung has revenue of 247. 5billon, Assets of 384. 3 billion, Equity of 224. 7 billion and net income of 18. 3 billion with 344, 00 employees. Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. and its subsidiaries) Apple has pulled together 434 LTE patents in order to counter a legal threat from Samsung, according to reports on Tuesday. Samsung has vowed to sue Apple if, as expected, if it unveils an LTE-enabled iPhone 5 during the launch event now confirmed for September 12. Anticipating this, Apple has been acquiring and developing enough LTE patents to combat the legal challenge, according to the Chosun Ilbo website. Samsung is planning to make the air-condition product category more strong with unique technology called ‘Triple protection proposition’ Samsung is the India’s official ‘Olympic partner’ for the 2012 London Olympic and recently launched ‘Olympic Ratna Program’. This will result enhance brand awareness and increase the sales. Samsung Mobile and Home appliance has future plans of launching Customized products for Indian market. This will improve the market share in rural market being that Apple is filling injections on a lot of their products. The Indian youth population is growing and mobile phone sales is expected to increase due to lesser call rates, Its financial position is strong and there is a scope of entering into unrelated diversification. Two years published accounting statements 2011 http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/financialinformation/annualreport/downloads/2011/SECAR2011_Eng_Final. pdf (http://www. samsung. com, 2011) http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/financialinformation/auditedfinancialstatements/downloads/consolidated/2012_con_all. df (Samsung, 2012) Samsung’s core functions of each department, their strengths and weaknesses were identified, recommendations for improvement were addresses. We hit on possible course of actions Samsung could take with the drop in market shares as well as the alternative courses of action. Samsung Has been in the Industry to long to make a mistake as big as they did in the lawsuit against apple but they are innovators and will continue to make grea t products and make profits as represented in the financial statements provided. How to cite Samsung, Essay examples

Motor Function Measure and Quantitative †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Motor Function Measure and Quantitative. Answer: Introduction Muscular dystrophy is characterized by progressive muscle mass loss and eventually loss of strength. Muscular dystrophy is muscle-wasting disease that affects one in every 5,000 males. The main reason for this disease is genetic mutation interfering with muscle protein production that is necessary for building and maintenance of healthy muscles (Mah et al. 2014). The signs and symptoms of disease includes wadding gait, stiffness and pain in muscles, difficulty in jumping, sitting or standing and prone to frequent falls (Smith et al. 2014). Dystrophin is a complex protein that anchors components within muscles linking it to outer membrane-sarcolemma. The largest coding genes that is known, dystrophin is almost absent or deformed that worsen the symptoms and aetiology of muscular dystrophy. People suffering from muscular dystrophy face difficulties at workplaces that bind their working abilities and limit their mobility. Workplace designing is required for the people with this particul ar disability that involves ergonomics as poor workplace designing can cause fatigue, frustration and further harm of workers (Pontonnier et al. 2014). Poor worksite designing can be painful for the workers that lead to poor quality and low productivity. Therefore, the following report deals with the ergonomic investigations at the worksite and recommendations so that workers with muscular dystrophy can better adapt to his or her duty at the workplace. People with MD are unable to continue working if the workplace environment is not better adaptable for them. They face difficulty in joining workplace, as it is a muscle debilitating disease. During the early phase of the disease, the movements appear to become labored and there is visible physical changes noticed in walking and sitting positions. An also enlarged calf muscle causes difficulty in walking as the heel tendons become tightened. The person with MD may have trouble in standing and from sitting position s the muscles start to become weak in the legs (Landfeldt et al. 2016). As individuals with MD are prone to falls, it become difficult for them to stand from sitting position and in this course, they might fall on floor. Another challenge people with MD face is picking of objects from floor and stair climbing. Climbing stairs increases muscle stress and hastens damage of muscles. MD mainly poses challenge for people in the voluntary muscles that affect arms and legs. Concisely, MD pose challenges in the movement of voluntary muscles and they face difficulty in walking, standing from sitting position and moving arms (Soim et al. 2016). As the companys main business is construction work, workers are assigned to work at the building construction sites to carry out welding of metals that are very common at these workplace sites. One day, a worker complained of difficulty in walking in his legs and deep pain in calf muscles. After the worker consulted doctor, he confirmed that it was initial sign of muscular dystrophy that worker is suffering from. After this diagnosis, an investigation is carried out with causes of MD effect on the worker. After the investigation, it was found that worker was using welding machine to join the metal rods on the windowpane. During this process, the worker found difficulty in getting up from the sitting position after the welding process. It was also found that he has to hold the welding arc steadily with his right hand and hold the shield with his left hand in order to protect his eyes and perform soldering with his right hand. Then, he used his finger to pull witch of the machine. MD results in losing of muscular strength and therefore, assessment is required to determine the degree of decrement so that proper interventions can be developed. Motor assessment for the valuation of motor function and muscle force is important for the worker for measuring the strength of extensors of elbow, shoulder, ankle, knee, wrist and strength of flexors. Motor Function Measure (MFM) was done to measure score that identify significant muscle strength loss and ability to perform activities that is important for evaluation of ergonomic evaluation (Vuillerot et al. 2013). When this assessment was done, he scored one in the test that indicates high risk for loss of muscle strength in upper proximal part of the body. As a part of survey method, this assessment is used in ergonomic investigation of workplace for assessing the extent of loss of muscle strength due to MD. After observation, it was found that the final score of one showed high risk for loss of muscular strength of the worker and require implementation of changing of work or engineering control methods that eliminate or reduce MD risk and its effect (Fischer et al. 2016). Questions Yes No NA Remarks Is the worker performing the right task? The supervision activities is well suited Does the activity require excessive force? Need to apply excessive force for welding Does the worker need to bend or move wrist in awkward position? After getting up from sitting position, the worker loses control and prone to falls Does the worker require repetitive movements? The welding is continuous process that require hands in repetitive motion Is any job rotation happened for the reduction of long exposure? No job rotation happened Does worker encounter any kind of difficulty while performing this task? Worker encountered difficulty in making movements of arms and legs. Is there any other way to carry out the task for the elimination of MD effect? Job rotation can be used for the reduction of ergonomics. Recommendation: There is need for job rotation with proper scheduling and assigning of supervisor for the conduction of ergonomic training. After the completion of checklist, interview questionnaire is given to worker for a better understanding of challenges that he is facing with the task. Sr No. Questions and Answers 1. Q. How long do you perform the welding task repetitively? A. In the morning from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. and in the afternoon from 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. 2. Q. How long you have break between works. A. No break except for lunchtime. (12:00-1:00) 3. Q. How frequently the task is performed in a day. A. Almost every day, but at different intervals. 4. Q. Do you feel any pain or discomfort while performing the task and in which part of the body? A. Yes, discomfort, pain in arms and legs while standing from sitting position. 5. Do you need to sit in that awkward position for long time? A. Yes, as I have to stand up and sit down according to the welding needs at height or ground level 6. Q. Do you need to remain in one position for longer time whether sitting or standing? A. Yes, need to hold the arc and machine until the welding process is done. Recommendation: It is important to lessen the prolong holding of arc and soldering machine with frequent breaks, job rotation and ergonomics training. After the process of conduction of checklist and questionnaire, the worker is 30 years. There is risk for pain in arms and legs while being in sitting position, then standing, and prolonged holding of welding machine and arc. The risk for increase in pain due to MD is likely to increase and in extreme cases, he might feel contractures around his joints (shortening of tendons or muscles) or inability to work. There is difference between persons with and without MD where there is limited movements of arms and legs. Sr/No. Normal person MD persons 1. Increased productivity and ability to work for longer durations Decreased productivity as inability to work for long intervals 2. More motivation Worker feel fatigue and stressed to work for longer hours 3. More concentration to work and as a result, reduction in workplace accidents Less concentration as they lack stamina and fatigue 4. Better working relationships and increased team work Frustration, stress and exhaustion 5. Good stamina and sustainability to perform work Prone to workplace accidents due to exhaustion MD effect can be reduced by preventing the use of welding tools and arranging workstation for the task. The control or elimination of risk factors need to be designed using the solutions listed below: Worker Augmentation- Ekso Bionics Zero G ergonomics tool arm can be helpful in relieving the stress applied on muscular skeletal system that can allow worker to perform his task as one normally do. This engineering solution is effective and direct that reduces the incidence of effect of MD on skeletal muscular system. The technology investment is small and relative to muscular skeletal injury at workplaces. This method is significant for the reduction of injury during manual handling of welding machine (Pruess et al. 2016). Workstation designing- This solution ensures to keep the physical area safe for the optimization and reinforcing of ideal body movements and reduction of awkward positions. Muscular stress can be reduced by designing of workplaces where the necessary components for the worker is within reach and reduces the events of bending down, getting up while the worker needs anything. This easy access and workshop trolley system that help to make the worker get adapted to the workplace and use of parts or tools that are heavy needs to be avoided (Golabchi et al. 2015). Administrative control- Worker rotation and frequent breaks can be helpful for minimizing the MD effect. Rest breaks would aid in counteracting the exposure of worker to holding of welding tool and arc. The tight schedule can result in fatigue and risk for further skeletal muscle damage. As mentioned above, there are no frequent breaks given except for lunchtime from 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m. that can result n prolong working times that can further increases the risk for MD damage (Martin, Kolomitro and Lam 2014). Ergonomics training- This method is effective that increases the level of awareness among the worker for the prevention of MD effect and associated injury. The program requires considerable amount of time and so, workers cannot attend training conducted by construction safety personnel (Kincl et al. 2016). Recommendation As agreed, Ekso Bionics Zero G ergonomics tool arm will be used for the reduction MD effect. This tool has numerous advantages where the worker does not have to apply prolong pressure by holding the arc and welding machine to weld the metal bars together. The worker would feel less effect by applying this ergonomic tool to work piece. Firstly, this tool can be used for manoeuvring heavy tools weightlessly. It helps arms to balance weight used in sanding, welding and other applications. This tool also aid in holding heavy loads and balances weight that will allow worker to move safely, freely and accurately balance load in any direction without fatigue or injury (Young and Ferris 2017). Job rotation can also be useful that lessens stress, physical fatigue and weakness of muscles and tendons by shifting his job among others. The worker can be assigned for supervision job at the construction workstation by the administrative control body where he can have a scheduled job rotation. The worker can rotate job every 3 hours between his task and supervision work for the prevention of prolonged working hours of holding machine. This would be helpful for the worker by lessening the exposure to prolonged welding process (Padula et al. 2017). Supervision and monitoring by safety personnel should be appointed so that briefing of associated MD risk is explained and related consequences of musculoskeletal disorders and implementation of control measures to reduce MD effect. Ergonomic training can also be helpful for the worker where it improves his level of awareness regarding ergonomic issues and recognition of hazards arising from MD effect. In this way, he can pay more attention to prevention of an injury and as a result, decrease in pain and stress. Frequent breaks can also be helpful that reduces the prolonged holding of machine where the worker can prevent further MD related risk. A break of 15 mins after 11:00 a.m. and then after 3:00 p.m. can be helpful in reducing the exposure to prolonged holding or sitting position during welding process. It is also advantageous in reducing the chances of prolonged sitting and then standing position and putting pressure with his right arm. After the implementation of these measures, evaluation and follow-up is required to ensure its effectiveness and motion of his arms and legs. The Ergonomics Programme in the company helped in managing hazards associated with workplace. Management Committee helped in creating a safer place by providing ergonomics training, adequate resources, tools, and implementation of access by workers by defining individual roles and responsibilities. Employee participation helped in enhancing motivation, improving workplace condition and employee satisfaction. Employees cooperated in reporting of any potential work related injury affecting muscular skeletal system. Implementation of Ergonomic training- This would help to create awareness regarding ergonomic risk factors and musculoskeletal disorders. Proper monitoring and evaluation of ergonomic issues with active reporting and feedback should be done. Medical Management- Treatment for ergonomic injuries should be done to prevent further worsening of situations that may result in permanent disability. Evaluation and periodic review- The programme needs to be evaluated periodically for ensuring that programme elements are effective and adequate. Ergonomics auditing can also be helpful at workplace to ensure productivity and efficiency of workers. After one-month evaluation, Motor Function Measure (MFM) assessment was again done to evaluate ergonomic program. The below chart illustrates the motor function scale assessment test on a scale of 5 where the worker scored one previously that depicts no joint movement, but muscle movement. After the administrative control measures, there was movement at the joint scoring 2, however, not against gravity. Conclusion In the above report, it is evident that worker working at construction sites with prolonged holding and sitting are subjected to high MD risk. The ergonomic improvements are found to be useful at the workstation that kept ergonomic risks under control. Training programs are also advantageous for controlling ergonomic issues and in increasing awareness levels among workers in reducing MD risk effects. Appropriate equipments like tool arm can be adapted to reduce musculoskeletal disorders risk as per ergonomic standards to have enhanced efficiency and productivity at workplaces with reduced injuries. References Fischer, D., Hafner, P., Rubino, D., Schmid, M., Neuhaus, C., Jung, H., Bieri, O., Haas, T., Gloor, M., Fischmann, A. and Bonati, U., 2016. The 6-minute walk test, motor function measure and quantitative thigh muscle MRI in Becker muscular dystrophy: A cross-sectional study.Neuromuscular Disorders,26(7), pp.414-422. Motor function test is a validated test for clinical assessment in musculoskeletal disorders like muscular dystrophy as it provides validated clinical scores. Golabchi, A., Han, S., Seo, J., Han, S., Lee, S. and Al-Hussein, M., 2015. An automated biomechanical simulation approach to ergonomic job analysis for workplace design.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,141(8), p.04015020. Workplace designing is an ergonomic approach for the reduction in musculoskeletal injuries or occupational injuries. Risk assessment for musculoskeletal injuries helps to estimate internal injuries and motion of selected joints of worker. Kincl, L.D., Anton, D., Hess, J.A. and Weeks, D.L., 2016. Safety voice for ergonomics (SAVE) project: protocol for a workplace cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce musculoskeletal disorders in masonry apprentices.BMC public health,16(1), p.362. Landfeldt, E., Lindgren, P., Bell, C.F., Guglieri, M., Straub, V., Lochmller, H. and Bushby, K., 2016. Health?related quality of life in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a multinational, cross?sectional study.Developmental Medicine Child Neurology,58(5), pp.508-515. Mah, J.K., Korngut, L., Dykeman, J., Day, L., Pringsheim, T. and Jette, N., 2014. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the epidemiology of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.Neuromuscular Disorders,24(6), pp.482-491. Among the musculoskeletal disorders, DMD are more prevalent than BMD according to global estimates as well as case ascertainment sources. Martin, B.O., Kolomitro, K. and Lam, T.C., 2014. Training methods: A review and analysis.Human Resource Development Review,13(1), pp.11-35. Nunes, M.F., Hukuda, M.E., Favero, F.M., Oliveira, A.B., Voos, M.C. and Caromano, F.A., 2016. Relationship between muscle strength and motor function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria,74(7), pp.530-535. Padula, R.S., Comper, M.L.C., Sparer, E.H. and Dennerlein, J.T., 2017. Job rotation designed to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and control risk in manufacturing industries: a systematic review.Applied ergonomics,58, pp.386-397. Job rotation is an effective method for reducing the impact of musculoskeletal injuries and its related risk at workplaces, however, requires more studies that are rigorous in this regard. Pontonnier, C., Dumont, G., Samani, A., Madeleine, P. and Badawi, M., 2014. Designing and evaluating a workstation in real and virtual environment: toward virtual reality based ergonomic design sessions.Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces,8(2), pp.199-208. Pruess, A., Meadows, C., Amundson, K., Angold, R., Lubin, J., Solano, M., Mastaler, T., Fleming, N. and Sweeney, M., Ekso Bionics, Inc., 2016.Human Exoskeleton Devices for Heavy Tool Support and Use. U.S. Patent Application 15/339,293. An artificial arm is useful for providing support to the arms, thighs and hips like exoskeleton for people who use heavy tools. They are designed to transfer weight of the tool to the exoskeleton structure. Smith, A.E., McMullen, K., Jensen, M.P., Carter, G.T. and Molton, I.R., 2014. Symptom burden in persons with myotonic and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.American journal of physical medicine rehabilitation/Association of Academic Physiatrists,93(5), p.387. Soim, A., Lamb, M., Campbell, K., Pandya, S., Peay, H., Howard Jr, J.F. and Fox, D., 2016. A Cross-Sectional Study of School Experiences of Boys with Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy.Physical Disabilities: Education and Related Services,35(2), pp.1-22. Vuillerot, C., Payan, C., Iwaz, J., Ecochard, R., Brard, C. and MFM Spinal Muscular Atrophy Study Group, 2013. Responsiveness of the motor function measure in patients with spinal muscular atrophy.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation,94(8), pp.1555-1561. Young, A.J. and Ferris, D.P., 2017. State of the Art and Future Directions for Lower Limb Robotic Exoskeletons.IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering,25(2), pp.171-182.